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旧约 - 申命记(Deuteronomy)第19章

When the LORD your God has destroyed the nations whose land he is giving you, and when you have driven them out and settled in their towns and houses,
then set aside for yourselves three cities centrally located in the land the LORD your God is giving you to possess.
Build roads to them and divide into three parts the land the LORD your God is giving you as an inheritance, so that anyone who kills a man may flee there.
This is the rule concerning the man who kills another and flees there to save his life--one who kills his neighbor unintentionally, without malice aforethought.
For instance, a man may go into the forest with his neighbor to cut wood, and as he swings his ax to fell a tree, the head may fly off and hit his neighbor and kill him. That man may flee to one of these cities and save his life.
Otherwise, the avenger of blood might pursue him in a rage, overtake him if the distance is too great, and kill him even though he is not deserving of death, since he did it to his neighbor without malice aforethought.
This is why I command you to set aside for yourselves three cities.
If the LORD your God enlarges your territory, as he promised on oath to your forefathers, and gives you the whole land he promised them,
because you carefully follow all these laws I command you today--to love the LORD your God and to walk always in his ways--then you are to set aside three more cities.
Do this so that innocent blood will not be shed in your land, which the LORD your God is giving you as your inheritance, and so that you will not be guilty of bloodshed.
But if a man hates his neighbor and lies in wait for him, assaults and kills him, and then flees to one of these cities,
the elders of his town shall send for him, bring him back from the city, and hand him over to the avenger of blood to die.
Show him no pity. You must purge from Israel the guilt of shedding innocent blood, so that it may go well with you.
Do not move your neighbor's boundary stone set up by your predecessors in the inheritance you receive in the land the LORD your God is giving you to possess.
One witness is not enough to convict a man accused of any crime or offense he may have committed. A matter must be established by the testimony of two or three witnesses.
If a malicious witness takes the stand to accuse a man of a crime,
the two men involved in the dispute must stand in the presence of the LORD before the priests and the judges who are in office at the time.
The judges must make a thorough investigation, and if the witness proves to be a liar, giving false testimony against his brother,
then do to him as he intended to do to his brother. You must purge the evil from among you.
The rest of the people will hear of this and be afraid, and never again will such an evil thing be done among you.
Show no pity: life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot.
申命记第十九章   第 19 章 

  申 19:2-3> 通往逃城的路要畅通无阻,因为── 

  19:2-3 摩西吩咐以色列人,要筑好通往几座逃城的道路。如果通往逃城的道路失修而不能使用,逃城就名存实亡。有许多投奔逃城的人,真的是为着逃命,道路的保养完善与否,可能关系到人的生死存亡。古时的道路要不断地保养维修,因为路上常常污秽泥泞,尘沙堆积,甚至有很深的坑洞且容易被水冲毁。不但要设立这种公平的制度,并且要采取必要的措施,使通往逃城的路畅通,确是非常重要的。 

  申 19:2-7> 神为什么吩咐摩西设立逃城? 

  19:2-7 每个社会都要处理谋杀案。但是,社会应当怎样对待误杀人的呢?神给以色列人作了指示。在摩西的时代,报血仇是普遍又快速的事,所以神吩咐以色列人设立几座逃城。凡是声称误杀别人的人,都可以逃往其中的一座,以等候公平的审讯。如果他被断定为没有谋杀的意图,就可以住在城中享安全,不会被人寻仇报复。这是神对祂的子民既公义又怜悯,二者融合的美好实例(对于逃城的详细资料,请参看民 35:6 的注释)。 

  申 19:12> 报血仇者是些什么人? 

  19:12 “报血仇的人”是与被杀之人最近的男性亲属,是家族的保护者(参民 35:19 )。 

  申 19:21> 以牙还牙,是说人可以报仇吗? 

  19:21 这一节所定的原则是给审判官使用的,并不适用于个人的报复。这种处罚犯人的态度似乎古老,但是对古时在公义与公平的审判上,的确是一种突破。那时大多数国家,都使用专制的方法来处罚罪人;这种原则却显明神关心公平与公义并确保犯人免受酷刑,不会受过于他们所当受的。根据同样的公平原则,作假见证之人,也会因诬告受到被他陷害之人可能受的刑罚。制定罪有应得的处罚原则,在现今一样适用。──《灵修版圣经注释》