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旧约 - 以斯帖记(Esther)第1章

This is what happened during the time of Xerxes, the Xerxes who ruled over 127 provinces stretching from India to Cush:
At that time King Xerxes reigned from his royal throne in the citadel of Susa,
and in the third year of his reign he gave a banquet for all his nobles and officials. The military leaders of Persia and Media, the princes, and the nobles of the provinces were present.
For a full 180 days he displayed the vast wealth of his kingdom and the splendor and glory of his majesty.
When these days were over, the king gave a banquet, lasting seven days, in the enclosed garden of the king's palace, for all the people from the least to the greatest, who were in the citadel of Susa.
The garden had hangings of white and blue linen, fastened with cords of white linen and purple material to silver rings on marble pillars. There were couches of gold and silver on a mosaic pavement of porphyry, marble, mother-of-pearl and other costly stones.
Wine was served in goblets of gold, each one different from the other, and the royal wine was abundant, in keeping with the king's liberality.
By the king's command each guest was allowed to drink in his own way, for the king instructed all the wine stewards to serve each man what he wished.
Queen Vashti also gave a banquet for the women in the royal palace of King Xerxes.
On the seventh day, when King Xerxes was in high spirits from wine, he commanded the seven eunuchs who served him--Mehuman, Biztha, Harbona, Bigtha, Abagtha, Zethar and Carcas--
to bring before him Queen Vashti, wearing her royal crown, in order to display her beauty to the people and nobles, for she was lovely to look at.
But when the attendants delivered the king's command, Queen Vashti refused to come. Then the king became furious and burned with anger.
Since it was customary for the king to consult experts in matters of law and justice, he spoke with the wise men who understood the times
and were closest to the king--Carshena, Shethar, Admatha, Tarshish, Meres, Marsena and Memucan, the seven nobles of Persia and Media who had special access to the king and were highest in the kingdom.
"According to law, what must be done to Queen Vashti?" he asked. "She has not obeyed the command of King Xerxes that the eunuchs have taken to her."
Then Memucan replied in the presence of the king and the nobles, "Queen Vashti has done wrong, not only against the king but also against all the nobles and the peoples of all the provinces of King Xerxes.
For the queen's conduct will become known to all the women, and so they will despise their husbands and say, 'King Xerxes commanded Queen Vashti to be brought before him, but she would not come.'
This very day the Persian and Median women of the nobility who have heard about the queen's conduct will respond to all the king's nobles in the same way. There will be no end of disrespect and discord.
"Therefore, if it pleases the king, let him issue a royal decree and let it be written in the laws of Persia and Media, which cannot be repealed, that Vashti is never again to enter the presence of King Xerxes. Also let the king give her royal position to someone else who is better than she.
Then when the king's edict is proclaimed throughout all his vast realm, all the women will respect their husbands, from the least to the greatest."
The king and his nobles were pleased with this advice, so the king did as Memucan proposed.
He sent dispatches to all parts of the kingdom, to each province in its own script and to each people in its own language, proclaiming in each people's tongue that every man should be ruler over his own household.
以斯帖记第一章   第 1 章 

  斯 1:1> 以斯帖记的故事发生的年代、背景是── 

  1:1 以斯帖记的故事发生在公元前 483 年,即尼布甲尼撒王掳走犹大人后的第 103 年(参王下 25:1-21 ),所罗巴伯率领首批被掳者返回耶路撒冷后的第 54 年(参拉 1:1-2:70 ),亦是以斯拉率领第二批被掳者回归耶路撒冷之前的 25 年(参拉 7:1-10 )。以斯帖生活在波斯帝国(前称巴比伦,于公元前 539 年亡国)。虽然塞鲁士王曾准许被掳的犹太人返回耶路撒冷,但以斯帖的父母想必是选择留在波斯。波斯境内的犹太人享有很大的自由,他们或因为已在那里建立了事业、生活安稳,或恐怕回国旅程艰险,故大多选择留下。 

  斯 1:1> 这个波斯帝国的国王为人如何? 

  1:1 亚哈随鲁王又称薛西斯大帝,是波斯的第五个王(公元前 486-465 年),为人骄傲冲动,这从第一章记载的事件便可见一斑。他的冬季皇宫设于书珊城(即 1:3-7 所记载设宴的地点)。波斯王出征讨伐前,通常都会摆设盛大的筵席。亚哈随鲁王于公元前 481 年出征希腊,在温泉关取得重大胜利,翌年在撒拉米斯却被击溃,须返回波斯。又过了一年,以斯帖成为皇后(公元前 479 年)。 

  斯 1:4> 摆设一百八十天的筵席,太过分了…… 

  1:4 庆宴持续六个月,目的在于策划入侵希腊的战略,并证明王有足够的财力来支持战事。在这里,发动战争是为了夺取更多的财富、土地和权力,并非为求自保。 

  斯 1:5-7> 我有没有像波斯人那样,喜欢炫耀财富,即使不在明里也在暗中? 

  1:5-7 波斯在当时是超级强国,皇帝既是权力的中心,也是世界上最富有的人之一。他们爱炫耀财富,甚至把名贵宝石戴在胡子上。波斯男子以戴不同的宝石代表不同阶级,士兵甚至戴上大量的金饰前赴战场。 

  斯 1:9> 王后瓦实提在希腊文中叫作── 

  1:9 古希腊文献称亚哈随鲁王的妻子为“阿美斯特丽”,相信这是瓦实提的希腊文名字。王后瓦实提虽于公元前 484/483 年被废黜,但古文献记载,在她儿子亚达薛西继承王位后的统治期间,她是他的母后;这可能是由于亚哈随鲁王统治末期以斯帖已去世,或是瓦实提通过儿子夺回权力。 

  斯 1:10> 太监不但古代中国有,外国也有,这是因为── 

  1:10 一些近身内侍须受阉割成为太监,以防繁衍后代,篡位为王。 

  斯 1:10-11> 一时冲动作出的决定往往失水准、甚至荒谬── 

  1:10-11 亚哈随鲁王被酒冲昏头脑,失去理性,作出冲动的决定,而事后懊悔不已( 2:1 )。头脑不清时,所作的决定都是不明智的;因此,不要想做什么就去做,要三思而后行。 

  斯 1:12> 抗拒王命的后果,难道瓦实提不晓得吗? 

  1:12 瓦实提抗拒王命,不想在男性官员前露面,让他们欣赏,这可能是由于波斯习俗不许妇女在男性群体中露面。她心中必有矛盾:到底要随从波斯习俗,抑或听从王命?最后她选择了违抗半醉的王夫,希望他迟些会省悟。有说法谓瓦实提当时已怀有亚达薛西(生于公元前 483 年),因而不想在公众场合露面。 

  不论原因如何,她违反了圣旨,顿使亚哈随鲁王感到难堪,因为所颁布的命令不能朝令夕改(参 8:8 注释)。此外,他正想出征希腊,邀请境内所有的高官云集宫中,藉此炫耀财富和权力;倘若连妻子都不顺服他,对他的权威是极大的蔑视,而且亚哈随鲁王亦习惯要风得风,因此勃然大怒。 

  斯 1:13-15> “达时务的明哲人”,也就是谋士吧── 

  1:13-15 像古今大多数帝王一样,亚哈随鲁王罗致了一批谋士,几乎事事求问他们的意见。王的成败常赖这些谋士的智慧,但以理就是一个例子。他历任数代波斯王的谋士,向大利乌、塞鲁士(参但 6:28 ),甚至继后三代的帝王进谏。 

  斯 1:15> 当时的君王与王后的关系如何? 

  1:15 中东的帝王与妻子的关系通常并不亲密,亚哈随鲁王也不例外,这从下列事例可见:( 1 )他拥有后宫( 2:3 );( 2 )他不尊重瓦实提的意愿( 1:13-15 );( 3 )后来当以斯帖作皇后时,他曾许久没有召见她( 4:11 )。 

  斯 1:16-21> 男人为何怕女人不尊重自己?你有没有这种心态? 

  1:16-21 这批臣子可能因醉酒而丧失理智。很明显,订立这条法例不会使全国妇女尊重丈夫。男女能互相尊重欣赏,是因彼此认识到双方均照神的形像所造,而不是因法令典章的规定。夫妻间互爱互重,不是出于勉强。 

  斯 1:19> 王旨“永不更改”,是奉承话还是真的? 

  1:19 波斯帝王被人民视为神一般,圣旨一出,便永远有效(参 8:8 注释及但 6:8 )。就算律例无理也不能废除。不过如有需要,王可另颁新例来抵销旧例。 

  斯 1:20-21> 是高压还是诱导,不仅仅是统治的艺术问题,你看呢? 

  1:20-21 统治方法之一是颁布法令,强迫人民遵守;亚哈随鲁王和他的谋士就是选择这个方法。不过耶稣提醒我们,凌驾众人之上的统治,绝非信徒所当做的(参太 20:25-26 )。──《灵修版圣经注释》