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旧约 - 出埃及记(Exodus)第12章

The LORD said to Moses and Aaron in Egypt,
"This month is to be for you the first month, the first month of your year.
Tell the whole community of Israel that on the tenth day of this month each man is to take a lamb for his family, one for each household.
If any household is too small for a whole lamb, they must share one with their nearest neighbor, having taken into account the number of people there are. You are to determine the amount of lamb needed in accordance with what each person will eat.
The animals you choose must be year-old males without defect, and you may take them from the sheep or the goats.
Take care of them until the fourteenth day of the month, when all the people of the community of Israel must slaughter them at twilight.
Then they are to take some of the blood and put it on the sides and tops of the doorframes of the houses where they eat the lambs.
That same night they are to eat the meat roasted over the fire, along with bitter herbs, and bread made without yeast.
Do not eat the meat raw or cooked in water, but roast it over the fire--head, legs and inner parts.
Do not leave any of it till morning; if some is left till morning, you must burn it.
This is how you are to eat it: with your cloak tucked into your belt, your sandals on your feet and your staff in your hand. Eat it in haste; it is the LORD'S Passover.
"On that same night I will pass through Egypt and strike down every firstborn--both men and animals--and I will bring judgment on all the gods of Egypt. I am the LORD.
The blood will be a sign for you on the houses where you are; and when I see the blood, I will pass over you. No destructive plague will touch you when I strike Egypt.
"This is a day you are to commemorate; for the generations to come you shall celebrate it as a festival to the LORD--a lasting ordinance.
For seven days you are to eat bread made without yeast. On the first day remove the yeast from your houses, for whoever eats anything with yeast in it from the first day through the seventh must be cut off from Israel.
On the first day hold a sacred assembly, and another one on the seventh day. Do no work at all on these days, except to prepare food for everyone to eat--that is all you may do.
"Celebrate the Feast of Unleavened Bread, because it was on this very day that I brought your divisions out of Egypt. Celebrate this day as a lasting ordinance for the generations to come.
In the first month you are to eat bread made without yeast, from the evening of the fourteenth day until the evening of the twenty-first day.
For seven days no yeast is to be found in your houses. And whoever eats anything with yeast in it must be cut off from the community of Israel, whether he is an alien or native-born.
Eat nothing made with yeast. Wherever you live, you must eat unleavened bread."
Then Moses summoned all the elders of Israel and said to them, "Go at once and select the animals for your families and slaughter the Passover lamb.
Take a bunch of hyssop, dip it into the blood in the basin and put some of the blood on the top and on both sides of the doorframe. Not one of you shall go out the door of his house until morning.
When the LORD goes through the land to strike down the Egyptians, he will see the blood on the top and sides of the doorframe and will pass over that doorway, and he will not permit the destroyer to enter your houses and strike you down.
"Obey these instructions as a lasting ordinance for you and your descendants.
When you enter the land that the LORD will give you as he promised, observe this ceremony.
And when your children ask you, 'What does this ceremony mean to you?'
then tell them, 'It is the Passover sacrifice to the LORD, who passed over the houses of the Israelites in Egypt and spared our homes when he struck down the Egyptians.'" Then the people bowed down and worshiped.
The Israelites did just what the LORD commanded Moses and Aaron.
At midnight the LORD struck down all the firstborn in Egypt, from the firstborn of Pharaoh, who sat on the throne, to the firstborn of the prisoner, who was in the dungeon, and the firstborn of all the livestock as well.
Pharaoh and all his officials and all the Egyptians got up during the night, and there was loud wailing in Egypt, for there was not a house without someone dead.
During the night Pharaoh summoned Moses and Aaron and said, "Up! Leave my people, you and the Israelites! Go, worship the LORD as you have requested.
Take your flocks and herds, as you have said, and go. And also bless me."
The Egyptians urged the people to hurry and leave the country. "For otherwise," they said, "we will all die!"
So the people took their dough before the yeast was added, and carried it on their shoulders in kneading troughs wrapped in clothing.
The Israelites did as Moses instructed and asked the Egyptians for articles of silver and gold and for clothing.
The LORD had made the Egyptians favorably disposed toward the people, and they gave them what they asked for; so they plundered the Egyptians.
The Israelites journeyed from Rameses to Succoth. There were about six hundred thousand men on foot, besides women and children.
Many other people went up with them, as well as large droves of livestock, both flocks and herds.
With the dough they had brought from Egypt, they baked cakes of unleavened bread. The dough was without yeast because they had been driven out of Egypt and did not have time to prepare food for themselves.
Now the length of time the Israelite people lived in Egypt was 430 years.
At the end of the 430 years, to the very day, all the LORD'S divisions left Egypt.
Because the LORD kept vigil that night to bring them out of Egypt, on this night all the Israelites are to keep vigil to honor the LORD for the generations to come.
The LORD said to Moses and Aaron, "These are the regulations for the Passover: "No foreigner is to eat of it.
Any slave you have bought may eat of it after you have circumcised him,
but a temporary resident and a hired worker may not eat of it.
"It must be eaten inside one house; take none of the meat outside the house. Do not break any of the bones.
The whole community of Israel must celebrate it.
"An alien living among you who wants to celebrate the LORD'S Passover must have all the males in his household circumcised; then he may take part like one born in the land. No uncircumcised male may eat of it.
The same law applies to the native-born and to the alien living among you."
All the Israelites did just what the LORD had commanded Moses and Aaron.
And on that very day the LORD brought the Israelites out of Egypt by their divisions.
出埃及记第十二章   第 12 章 

  出 12:1-3> 神亲自为子民定立节日── 

  12:1-3 以色列人的好些节期都是神亲自订立的。逾越节就是其中之一,是要纪念以色列人得蒙拯救,离开埃及;好使百姓不忘记神为他们所做的大事。在今天,宗教节日也有深远意义,使我们年年都想起神为我们所做的大事。某些节日在家族之中沿袭,成为传统,富有宗教意义。节日使老一代不忘过去,使年轻人追思效法。 

  出 12:3> 宰羊羔有什么意义? 

  12:3 以色列人的长子得免被杀,是因为他们宰了没有残缺的羊羔,把血涂在各家的门框和横楣上。这表示以色列人流无辜的羔羊之血;羔羊是祭牲,它代替了在灾祸之中应当被杀的以色列人长子。他们从此深知,得免死亡是由于有无辜的生命代他们牺牲的缘故。 

  出 12:6-11> 逾越节原来是── 

  12:6-11 逾越节是每年一次的节期,纪念耶和华的灭命天使“越过”以色列人家的那一夜。那天他们遵照神的指示,把羊羔的血涂在自家的门框和门楣上。门上没有涂血的家庭,其长子当夜均被杀。以色列人必须宰杀羊羔,好用它的血保护自己(预表主基督是神的羔羊,祂的宝血为世人的罪而流出)。以色列人又在家中吃羔羊的肉、苦菜和无酵饼。苦菜表示受奴役之苦;无酵饼可以很快烤成,因为不用等面团发起来,这样他们就可以随时离开埃及。 

  出 12:11> “腰束带、脚穿鞋、手拿杖、赶紧地吃”,为什么这么急? 

  12:11 吃逾越节筵席、穿好衣服、预备行路,是以色列人信心的表现。他们虽然未得释放,但已经作好准备,因为神说要领他们出埃及,他们整装待发,就是信心的行动。我们也当预备自己,好经历神成就其应许的,不管情势看来多么不顺利,总要保持信心。 

  出 12:17-23> 在苦难中,你想过逾越节的拯救和耶稣的十字架吗?从中…… 

  12:17-23 以色列人每年一次过逾越节,纪念蒙神引领出埃及。他们每年都要庄严隆重地纪念这一个晚上,追想神的灭命天使如何越过他们的家。他们感谢神拯救免死,领他们离开奴役与罪恶之地。现代的基督徒也体验到得救的日子──神救我们脱离灵性的死亡,挣脱奴役的日子。主的晚餐(“圣餐”)就是我们的逾越节,纪念我们脱离罪恶,得享新生命,也纪念主耶稣的受苦和为我们而死。你遇到试炼时,要回想神过去怎样拯救你,并仰望祂赐你新生命的应许。 

  希伯来历法 

  出 12:29-30> 神救赎以色列人出埃及与主耶稣救赎我们之间有重大关系── 

  12:29-30 埃及每一家的长子都被杀了,但是以色列人因为将羔羊之血涂在门上,得免大祸。这是神救赎的开始,也是圣经教义的核心。 

  “救赎”之意就是“买回”,或是“付出赎金将被掳的赎回”。买回奴仆的方法,是以一个相类似或更好的奴仆来交换。神用来买赎我们的方法,是以祂的儿子主耶稣来换取我们。 

  在旧约时代,神悦纳人预表式的献祭。在主耶稣被钉十字架牺牲以前,神悦纳牲畜代替罪人受死,赎回人的生命。耶稣来了以后,以自己无罪的生命代替我们犯罪的生命,担当了人因罪所当受的刑罚。祂救赎我们脱离罪的权势,使我们与神和好。因着祂的牺牲,就不再需要以牲畜来献祭了。 

  我们要认识到,想脱离犯罪的恶果,必须付出极大的代价。不过我们无需再付了,因为耶稣基督死在十字架上,已经救赎了我们,替我们付出赎价,人只要信靠祂,就能领受祂所赐的永生。祂既然付清了人的罪债,就洁净了我们的心,使人与神和好了(参多 2:14 ;来 9:13-15 , 23-26 )。 

  出 12:34> 以色列人带的东西合乎征战和日后的需要吗? 

  12:34 抟面盆是用木头、铜或陶器所做的,用来抟面的大盆。做饼是用面粉和水,加上前一天所留下的一小团面酵搅拌,待全团面都发起来后烘烤而成。饼既然是以色列人的主要食物,所以离开埃及时必须把抟面盆扛在肩上带走。 

  出 12:37-38> 不是以色列人出埃及吗?这闲杂人是指── 

  12:37-38 离开埃及的以色列人,总数估计约在二百万以上。“许多闲杂人”可能指埃及人,也可能是那些被神大能的作为所吸引,决定与以色列人一同离开埃及的外族人。──《灵修版圣经注释》